The Herald (Glasgow) - September 22, 2001
US has plan to recall Afghan king;UN would oversee replacement regime
BYLINE: Chris Holme
The US plans to remove the Taliban regime by force and replace it with a broad -based government under the auspices of the United Nations, according to a secret diplomatic cable from the Washington embassy of a key Nato ally.
It describes how the US government is seeking views of countries that have pledged support for President Bush over "post-Taliban Afghanistan after the liberation of the country".
The cable, from an unnamed European politician in Washington, reveals that the US is bent on force to overthrow the Taliban because of the support it has given terrorist suspect Osama bin Laden.
In seeking to enlist the widest backing, America suggests a role for the UN in an interim government headed by Zahir Khan, the Afghan monarch deposed in 1973. After his departure, the country was plunged into bitter civil war that persists to this day. King Zahir, 87, who lives in Rome, is thought to be the best rallying point for the Northern Alliance anti-Taliban forces in the north of the country.
''The king plans to call on all the Afghan tribes to rise up against the Taliban," the diplomatic cable reported.
In a message broadcast to Afghanistan, he said: "Historically our nation has acted in accordance to the guidance and tenets of Islam, embraced moderation and tolerance, opposed terrorism. I appeal to the Afghan people and to their sense of honour and patriotism to rescue ourselves from this dangerous situation."
Hameed Gul, the former Pakistani army intelligence chief who advised Afghan rebels on how to fight Soviet troops, said installing such a government was now the most likely scenario, but any attack by the United States would be "sheer madness".
He said US forces could seize Kabul in three days but could never hold the Afghan capital or keep a new government in power. Alternative strategies, such as cruise missile strikes on bin Laden's headquarters or a commando raid to seize him, were even more likely to fail.
"Their problem begins thereafter, because whichever government they install, the entire Afghan nation will rally against it. I don't think that this is a winnable war," he said Lieutenant General Gul said the Taliban would declare a jihad, or holy war, and call in Muslim youths "from Morocco to Mindanao" to fight. He said the history of British and Russian invasions all showed the folly of fighting a determined and skilled Afghan population defending their own country.
Britain has been involved in three Afghan wars. In the first, a UK-Indian force took Kabul in 1839 and installed a puppet ruler. Three years later, they began the most catastrophic retreat in British military history.
An army of 17,000 set out for Jalalabad. They were cut to pieces. Only one man, Dr Brydon, an army surgeon, survived.
In contrast, the second war, which started in 1878, involved one of the most heroic feats of British military endurance. Led by Lord Roberts of Kandahar, the Gordon Highlanders and the 72nd (later the Seaforths) marched with other units a total of 311 miles from Kabul to Kandahar in 23 days across 8000ft passes, through dust storms, searing heat by day, and freezing cold at night. They had learned from their enemy to travel light, carrying only rifles, ammunition, and water.
On arrival, they defeated Afghan rebels who had declared a jihad against the British and earlier had routed a British and Indian force at Maiwand, killing all but 11.
The north-west frontier and Khyber pass, which guarded the route north, continued to exert a fearful influence in the later stages of the Raj, culminating in the third Afghan war of 1919 which established Afghanistan as a separate state.
The sheer vastness of the country and the range of secular and religious factions also militate against any coherent governance outside the two principal cities. Deep-rooted tribal rivalries were only suspended under threat of attack by foreigners.
Over the last three decades, war has ravaged Afghanistan. In the 1960s, it did seek and gain outside support.
One place the Americans will know well is Kandahar international airport. It was built in the 1970s with American financial and technical assistance under the US development programme.
Taken by the Soviets, then the Taliban, it may soon see American uniforms. This time not the Peace Corps, but the Marines.
Somehow, that plan doesn't seem to gibe with Bush's rhetoric about our "way of life" and our "democracy" and "freedom."